Deviance Theory and Drug Use - 1619 Words

Theories of Deviance Applied to Drug Use Since the dawn of society there have been people whose behavior differed from the rest of society. There are many different theories and perspectives on why people do things like abuse drugs, and although we my never have all the answers, sociology still help us to understand the problem better. In order to understand the theories of deviance, and apply them to drug use in our society one must first understand what deviance is. Alex Thio defines deviance as an act that is considered [Â…] to be a violation of some social rule (448). Social rules that delineate how individuals in a society should behave are called norms. There are two types of norms: mores and folkways. Mores are strong norms†¦show more content†¦Symbolic interactionists would look at the problem in one of three ways. A follower of the differential association theory might say one sees other members of ones subculture abusing or dealing drugs, and they learn to perceive that as normal (Houts 2). The labeli ng theory suggests an individual may have been labeled a drug addict and experienced a change in his or her self image and became a drug addict, or because he or she were given that label were denied some opportunities, and had to resort to that life style to survive (Flory 2). Not only do these theories help us determine the cause of drug abuse, but also its effect on society. Conflict theorists would say that drug abuse creates a chance for lawmakers to exploit the poor. For example, crack, a substance primarily abused by the poor, has harsher punishments and controls on it than cocaine, a substance abused more often by the rich. Power theorist would call attention to the fact that African Americans and Latinos have a higher percentage of imprisonment than whites for possession of a drug that whites use more than African Americans and Latinos combined (Houts 2). Functionalists on the other hand would draw attention to its benefits. Drug abuse creates jobs for people in the field o f law enforcement. Drugs abuse creates a means of educating the young, and helping maintain conformity in society. Drug abuse also benefits those using it by giving them a safety valveShow MoreRelated Deviant Behavior Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pagesis illicit drug use, and examine why this type of behavior is labeled as deviant. By using theoretical approaches, this paper will provide the reader an explanation of why illicit drug use occurs in the first place. Throughout history, all human societies have used drugs, but it hasn’t been until recently considered deviant behavior. Drug use was seen only as a personal problem, but today’s societies, in general, condemns drug use. There are many reasons for this perception of drug use in our societyRead MoreDeviant Behavior Essay1674 Words   |  7 Pagesillicit drug use, and examine why this type of behavior is labeled as deviant. By using theoretical approaches, this paper will provide the reader an explanation of why illicit drug use occurs in the first place. Throughout history, all human societies have used drugs, but it hasnt been until recently considered deviant behavior. Drug use was seen only as a personal problem, but todays societies, in general, condemns drug use. There are many reasons for this perception of drug use in our societyRead MoreWhat Are Deviant Behavior?1452 Words   |  6 Pages Joe File Final Exam Deviant Behavior June 30, 2015 Professor Carlino What is Deviant Behavior? Week 1 Deviance is any behavior that violates social norms, and is usually sever enough to warrant disapproval from the majority of society. Deviance can be criminal or non†criminal. The sociological discipline that deals with behavior that violates laws is criminology. Today, society considers such activities as alcoholism, excessive gambling, being nude in public places, playing withRead MoreLabelling Theory And Robert Agnew s General Strain Theory1651 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Drug use is on the rise worldwide, and Canada is not immune to this travesty, according to the Health Officer’s Council of British Columbia 2016 report a staggering 47,000 Canadians died due to substance abuse throughout the previous year. It is widely believed that drug use is the result of one’s own personal choice in a circumstance they decide to live in. Although concept’s such as Howard Becker’s Labelling theory and Robert Agnew ’s General Strain Theory presents ideas on how theRead MoreLabelling Theory And Robert Agnew s General Strain Theory1676 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Drug use is on the rise worldwide, and Canada is not immune to this travesty, according to the Health Officer’s Council of British Columbia 2016 report a staggering 47,000 Canadians died due to substance abuse throughout the previous year. It is widely believed that drug use is the result of one’s own personal choice in a circumstance they decide to live in. Although concept’s such as Howard Becker’s Labelling theory and Robert Agnew ’s General Strain Theory presents ideas on how theRead MoreUsing Material from Item a and Elsewhere Assess the View That Crime and Deviance Are the Product of Labelling Processes.705 Words   |  3 Pagesthat crime and deviance are the products of the labelling process (21 marks) The labelling theory is a micro interactionist approach, this is because it focuses on how individuals construct the social world through face-face interactions. It recognises the concept of the ‘procedural self’ where ones identity is continuously constructed and recognised in interaction with significant others, this results in the individual’s behaviour, including that related to crime and deviance. SignificantRead MoreWhat Is the Labelling Theory? Summarise and Evaluate Its Application to the Analysis of Crime and Criminal Justice.1646 Words   |  7 PagesLabelling theory refers to the ability to attach a label to a person or group of people and in so doing the label becomes more important than the individual. The label becomes the dominant form of identify and takes on ‘Master Status’ (Becker 1963; Lemert 1967) so that the person can no longer be seen other than through the lens of the label. Words, just like labels, are containers of meaning. In this case, the label and the meaning attached to it becomes all that the person is rather than a temporaryRead MoreDeviance And Its Effect On Society1328 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States of America, societal deviance changes nearly on a daily basis. Depending on the current culture, deviance is modified to make societal heroes like celebrities, political figures, and sport players look less deviant and more li ke role models for the public. The change in what is considered â€Å"normal† is customarily a result of society in general. By using a reference group of people, individuals tend to identify with those who are in the lime light. Then when that role model doesRead MoreMenace II Society Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesMenace II Society, a film about a young Black man who has lived the â€Å"hustler† lifestyle and is struggling to leave it, is a perfect example of deviance as the main character, Caine Lawson, and the characters around him violate many of society’s norms. Throughout the film, the characters swear incessantly, carry around guns and drugs as most people would carry around cell phones, commit street crimes, especially burglary and mugging, on a regular basis, and beat and kill people unscrupulously. TheRead MoreWhat Is A Norm?1265 Words   |  6 Pagespunishment for violating a folkway would be less severe than the formal sanctions violating a more or a law would bring about. Like most norms, deviance is socially constructed. An action that may be deviant in one society may be socially acceptable in another. Most of us are aware of what is considered appropriate behavior. However, the job of labeling deviance is left to those around us. One example could be a woman’s clothes. Although her friends may think that her attire is appropriate her parents

Disney and Gender Identity Essay - 1426 Words

Disney’s Influence Society cements certain roles for children based on gender, and these roles, recognized during infancy with the assistance of consumerism, rarely allow for openness of definition. A study conducted by Witt (1997) observed that parents often expect certain behaviors based on gender as soon as twenty-four hours after the birth of a child. The gender socialization of infants appears most noticeably by the age of eighteen months, when children display sex-stereotyped toy preferences (Caldera, Huston, O’Brian 1989). This socialization proves extremely influential on later notions and conceptions of gender. Children understand gender in very simple ways, one way being the notion of gender permanence—if one is born a girl or†¦show more content†¦Evidence of Influence According to a 1995 study by Michael Eisner, â€Å"more than 200 million people a year watch a Disney film...385 million watch a Disney TV show every week†¦more than 50 million people a year from all lands pass through the turnstiles of Disney theme parks† (Bud 2005). Disney’s influence pervades society. The media inundation that children receive thanks to Walt Disney proves problematic. Studies have been done to prove that television and visual media influence children’s views of gender. At a young age, the mind is plastic and the world is composed of observations and experiences. The Kaiser Family Foundation conducted a study of children in 2003 then again in 2005 to observe the amount of television watched per week in a longitudinal study. They concluded that media exposure in children was on the steady rise. Earlier, in 1999, the Kaiser Family Foundation reported that children watched 2.5-3 hours of television each day—20 hours a week. Disney owns companies from Baby Einstein Company to Marvel Entertainment to ABC studios, making their range of influence span across generations (â€Å"Resources†). Therefore, the Disney view seeps into the minds of children, adolescents, and adults alike. In 2010, Kyla Boyse researched TV statistics in children. On average, 2-5 year olds spent thirty-two hours a week watchingShow MoreRelatedUniversal Authority And Traditional Sites Of Learning1331 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Walt Disney Corporation and their films have served as icons that have produced numerous animated films, whose characters have become heroines for adolescents for over a decade. The Disney Corporation along with its princess collection is recognized as a powerful influencer on children’s media; thus, teaching societal norms for target adolescent groups. Disney’s collection of princesses have spanned over 78 years, from the first generation Disney princess movies (Snow White andRead MoreMovie Analysis : Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs1697 Words   |  7 PagesThrough Disney animations Walt Disney has cultivated a society driven by stereotypes on gender roles that have restricted the liberties of young girls and boys alike to explore their own individuality. Disney s brilliance transcended beyond his ability to captivate an audience, his true talent resided within his ability to leave a direct impact on his viewers. As the prominent academic Jack Zipes puts it, The power of Disney s fairytale films does not reside in the uniqueness or novelty of theRead MoreEssay on How Do Gender Roles Get Portrayed in Disney Films?702 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction A. Definition of Gender Roles A gender role consists of characteristics that refer to a set of social and behavioral norms that are widely considered appropriate for either males or females. Gender roles are different throughout society and cultures. One gains gender roles unconsciously, consciously, or genetically due to cultural rules (Princeton). B. How film characters are seen by the audience Many people view women as weak in hopeless and males as strong and heroic in films. MaleRead MoreThe American Psychological Association Defines Gender Identity1301 Words   |  6 Pages Gender James Gadoury January 12, 2015 Professor Cormier English 101 The American Psychological Association defines gender identity as â€Å"one’s sense of oneself as male, female, or transgender† (â€Å"Definition of Terms: Sex, Gender, Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation† 1). Our culture greatly affects our gender identity, and this can be seen through how our media displays men, women, and transgenders. The media is a reflection of the values that are held in American culture and can be used toRead MoreGender Roles Of Female Characters In Disneys Frozen807 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the post-2000s to today, gender roles still remain as one of the big topics. Compared to society’s ideologies of women in 1930s, women are shown to be intelligent, active, and most importantly, independent. The portrayal of female characters with such characteristics is apparent in Disney’s contemporary film, Frozen (2013). The film portrays two female protagonists, Princess Anna and Queen Elsa. The theme of the film is family; the fi lm starts out with childish, sisterly relationships, whichRead MoreGender Stereotypes : Masculinity And Femininity1195 Words   |  5 Pagesyou should act if you fall into a certain gender role. These films reinforce our cultural definition of how we as a society defines masculinity and femininity. It is not necessarily a right thing. But the idea of what a male and female characteristics should have and how they should act is so tightly bound to our western views that it is hard to not have stereotyped gender roles. It is an awful truth, but it needs to be said that the influence of gender roles as a result, influences what happensRead MoreYoung Children And Adults Alike1515 Words   |  7 Pagesstereotypes. A prevalent stereotype found in fairy tales deals with genders and their norms and children in their early developmental years are exposed to these gender stereotypes. These are used as a tool to help children develop their gender identity. As they endure over time, fairy tal es continue to teach gender stereotypes and this perpetuates our society’s current beliefs of gender. Children develop their sense of identity and gain information of the world around them in their early yearsRead MoreA Brave New World : America Land Of The Free And Home1323 Words   |  6 Pagesbest opinion to follow. As a nation we once were in full swing in support of civil liberties but in light of recent events, (such as the reversal of protections for transgender students that allowed them to use bathrooms corresponding to their gender identity) it is clear the nation has taken a step back from the golden credo. Although companies and institutions must follow the law, they can still introduce additional rules in support of civil liberties and promote it through their products and curriculumRead MoreDisney Plays a Role in Shaping Girls Self-Esteem1832 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s media has awash society with idealistic representations of gender, often leading both men and women craving for unattainable perfection. Likewise, reality is frequently perceived as a poo r substitute for the enchanted world, where good always thwarts evil and with characters living â€Å"Happily Ever After.† When most children or adults think of the great classical fairy tales today, the first thought that usually comes to mind is Disney. Their representations of classic fairy tale texts are so powerfulRead MoreFilm Review : Disney s Frozen855 Words   |  4 Pagesice. Elsa is a very non-traditional Disney Princess as seen through her immense bravery, courage, and independence among all things. Elsa’s younger sister Anna plays the role of the much more typical Disney princess with her beauty, dependence, naà ¯ve behavior, and scattered emotions. This film has made a huge step away from the classic Disney princess films in the universal aspect of gender roles in film. This film constitutes the start of a new era of Disney Princesses where the princess is the

Socially responsible companies free essay sample

Specifically, I pledge: to adhere to the university policy on cheating and plagiarism; not to lie or steal in my university undertakings; not to evade the truth or deceive; to inform the appropriate faculty member and Dean, Associate Dean or Chair of my School or Department of any and all cases of academic dishonesty and violations of the Honor Code. What are some real world examples of what companies do to act in a socially responsible way towards customers?Towards employees? The definition of Social Responsibility can be summed up as: The overall ay which a business attempts to balance its commitments to relevant groups and individuals in its social environment. Many companies excel in this area, but I chose to write about a little company called Google. Google is known for treating their employees very well. First of all, employees can enjoy free breakfast, lunch and dinner with over twenty-five cafe ©s in the campus. We will write a custom essay sample on Socially responsible companies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, Google offers free wine and beer every Friday, in order for the employees to socialize and make new acquaintances. Then, employees can give each other massage credits which can be redeemed with a one hour long massage, on campus. Moreover, when an employee asks for maternity leave, Google not only gives up to 16 weeks of paid leave to the mother, but also includes the father giving him 3 weeks of paid leave. Now, this is a very high standard. Second of all, Google is also keen on giving back to the community.In the past three years, Google has donated over 5353 million in grants worldwide, approximately $3 billion in free ads, APS and products, and Googles have laundered approximately 6,200 total days of employee time to support nonprofits (a total of 1 50,000 hours). Furthermore, in partnership with the Media Trust and Charity Technology Trust, launched a new campaign in 201 3 to help 30,000 of Britains smallest charities boost their fundraising through online tools and the Internet. The Grow Your Charity Online initiative will provide free training and tools for smaller charities across the country.Lastly, Google is socially responsible towards their customers, by allowing everyone to use it free of charge. Google does not make profit on people. Their profits are made with the company shares on the stock exchange, and through advertising. Not many companies in the world give their services free of charge, but Google is amongst them. Being a socially responsible company is everything now days. The overall statement that a company like Google is making is that having goals and a vision that go beyond products and profits, definitely provides a warmer image of a business that consumers and employees will be more eager to engage with.

Thomas Nast- Political Cartoons Essay Example

Thomas Nast- Political Cartoons Paper In this paper, the idea that the middle class Americans were the pushing Orca behind the progressive, imperialistic, and socialist movements will be argued. This working-class, including the illiterate labor class and foreigners, were influenced more by the cartoons and engravings of Thomas Nasty than by the articles of journalists, newspaper publications, or the speeches of political leaders. From immediately after the Civil War to the beginning of the Progressive era, Annas drawings affected America politically and socially. Nasty, a German immigrant and perhaps one of Americas most well-known cartoonists, was one of these working- class men. During the Civil War, Nasty was known for Romantic, reminiscent wash drawings. These drawings portrayed the sentiment of people regarding the war. Also, they showed Annas Idealistic views about the objectives of the war. But as the war continued, Nasty matured politically and grew more policy-minded. The cause of the union came together more strongly with emancipation and equal citizenship. Nasty was able to portray the political and social meaning of the war better than words could express; he and many other middle class Americans became a national force during this time of American nationhood. Before Nasty began cartooning, his wood engravings showed American scenes from the Civil War to the turn of the century. He highlighted all of the major political processes, elections, and scandals in the government with his engravings. We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Nast- Political Cartoons specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Nast- Political Cartoons specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Nast- Political Cartoons specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The major issues that the American people faced after the war along with the corruption and power of political party machines and bosses was the unknown question of how the American government would resolve the political and social Issues that confronted freed Black men, Immigrants, the working- class, and corporate capitalists. Nasty and other working- class Americans came more politically aware during the Civil War. Supporting Lincoln policies of saving the Union and emancipating the slaves, Nasty had a strong appeal to a vision in which all races and ethnic groups would live together peacefully as American citizens. Nasty was committed to portraying the subtleties of the War to Americans. He drew his cartoons with great passion as he tried to show the immoralities of the American people towards Blacks, Indians, and Chinese immigrants. Politically, Nasty used his cartoons to help Abraham Lincoln win his presidential election in 1864. Since Nasty opposed both slavery and secession, he portrayed the President as a strong, brave and soft- spoken leader even though newspapers and magazines described him as a coward. Sing his talent and popularity to support Lincoln cause, Nasty drew Compromise with the South on September 3, 1804. The cartoon was widely circulated for use in President Lincoln campaign and it criticized the Democratic platform; Lincoln salad Tanat Nasty was ten Test recruiting sergeant nee Ana. (Paine 69) The Democrats portrayed the war as a failure, bashed emancipation, and advocated a cease- fire and negotiations with the Confederacy. Nasty, a strong Republican Party supporter, also helped Rutherford B. Hayes and Ulysses Grant to win their presidential elections. Once when asked who the foremost figure was in civic life to have emerged during the period of the Civil War, Grant said, l think, Thomas Nasty. He did as much as any one man could to preserve the Union and bring the war to an end. After Hayes had won his presidential election in 1876 against Samuel Tildes by a narrow margin, he commented that Nasty was the most powerful single- handed aid we had. When Nasty changed parties in the presidential election of 1884 to support Grover Cleveland with his work, Cleveland became the first Democratic president since 1856. After this election, Nasty became known as the president maker. America was full of subject matter for Nasty. Scandals were everywhere during the time in which the country was becoming an industrial nation. Railroads were spreading, factories were being built, and cities were fast becoming crowded with immigrants that supplied cheap labor. As America changed, middle class Americans strongly began to push forward progressive and socialist events. Their platforms consisted of ideas to throw out political corruption and political machines such as New Works Tammany Hall. Tammany Hall was an organization that had merged with the Democratic Party together with the Society of SST. Tammany and led city politics in New York City. Tammany Hall worked with the Mayors office to gather votes and place their leaders in important elections. In the same manner, the Republicans cooperated with the Union League Club in order to achieve the same goal. In 1860, William Tweed became the leader of Tammany Hall ND during this time the Tweed Ring played host to a series of reoccurring scandals; an estimated one hundred to two hundred million dollars were swindled from New York City. William Tweed became known as Boss Tweed all around America as he stole from the pockets of unsuspecting tax payers. Boss Tweed was so powerful that when Nasty began his campaign in Harpers Weekly against him, Harper Brothers lost their contract to provide New York schools with books because they refused to stop the circulation of Annas publications. Nasty also refused a five hundred thousand alular bribe to end his campaign. Nasty depicts Boss Tweeds quote, muff have the liberty of voting for anyone you please; but we have the liberty of counting in anyway we please, in Going Through the Form of Universal Suffrage. In The Brains, he drew a picture of Boss Tweed, but replaces his head with a bag of money, and the caption reads, Well, what are you going to do about it? Nasty also invented the term Tammany Tiger, as he portrayed a ferocious tiger poised proudly at the center of a huge coliseum. The tiger stands over slaughtered Columbia, the robed symbol of American liberty, and growl s defiantly at the viewer while an enormous crowd watches from the stands. He provoked Americans with these drawings in order to obtain their support in his attempt to overthrow the Tweed Ring. Soon afterwards the public outcry became unbearable and Boss Tweed is quoted as telling Nasty at one point, Lets stop those damned pictures. I dont care so much what the papers write about me- my constituents cant read, but damn it, they can see pictures. Boss Tweed was finally arrested and sentenced to 12 years in prison by the courts after his trial. It was mainly ten outcry AT ten American puddle Tanat Azalea Boss I weed. However, Tweed managed to escape from prison in less than a year with the help of his contacts and he fled to Spain disguised as an American sailor. He was caught by the Spanish police; they recognized him by Thomas Nasty drawings of Tweed that had been circulated throughout Europe. In the sasss, Nasty drew cartoons that attacked the Irish- Americans and Catholics, who were against progressivism because of their anti- black attitude, support for the Democratic Party, and because of their prominence in Boss Tweeds Tammany Hall. Not until President Woodrow Wilson did the Democratic Party have a progressive movement as part of their platform. After he had brought down the Tweed Ring, Nasty continued to fight against corruption as he depicted an angry Justice trampling over a snake- infested man representing inflation, lies, corruption, and fraud in The Duty of the Hour on April 1, 1876. After the assassination of President Lincoln in 1865, Andrew Johnson became President. Nasty used his artistic skill to fight against his policies. He stirred the emotions of the Northeastern American middle class as he drew a cartoon with President Johnson kicking out the Freedmans Bureau by means of his veto, with scattered Blacks coming out of it. Attempting to show Americans the crudeness of Johnson, Nasty drew Pardon Colombia, in which he shows Confederate politicians and generals applying for pardons, which would give them the right to vote and hold office. He contrasts them with a black Union soldier who has lost his leg and does not have the right to vote. Also, he drew Emancipation as he sought to link emancipation to patriotism with the cheering female figure of Columbia, an early symbol of the United States. Familiar to cost Americans, Nasty referred to his cartoons as Shakespearean plays as he tried to appeal the American middle class public to support his ideas. He was successful and in Reconstruction and How It Works, he portrayed Andrew Johnson as Ago and a black Union veteran as Othello. In another one of his Shakespearean referenced cartoons, Nasty shows Jeff Davis as Ago and Hiram Revels as the Moor. Revels became the first black senator and he occupied Jeff Davis seat. Nasty quotes, For that I do suspect the lusty moor hath leapt into my seat; the thought whereof doth like a poisonous mineral grew my inwards from Othello. When General Grant was held captive by Johnnys policies and a Supreme Court decision which called into question the authority of military trials for civilians when civil courts were open, Nasty depicted him as Prometheus. During the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, he parodied The Death of Caesar by portraying the Republican leaders conducting the trial in The Political of the Bogus Caesar. His cartoons of the new influx of Chinese immigrants show how they were mistreated when they came to America even though Chinese labor was the key to the building and completion of many railroads in the West. In The Comet of Chinese Labor, he shows the arrival of the strike- busting Chinese people. Pacific Chivalry portrays a California ruffian whipping and pulling the hair of John Chainman, who was the symbol of the Chinese immigrants that had come to America, and The Chinese Question shows Columbia defending John China man from American attacks. In 1874, Nasty shows men drinking with a skeleton at a bar; this anti-alcohol cartoon was called, The Bar of Destruction. He drew these cartoons in order to help middle class Americans understand the intricacies of the overspent, realize their own wrongdoings, and to take initiative with the progressive, socialist, Ana Imperialistic movements America Ana Racine Its crescendo as far as becoming an imperialistic nation and Annas cartoons of Uncle Sam influenced the minds of Americans toward that direction even more. Uncle Cams Thanksgiving Dinner marks the highpoint of Annas Reconstruction idealism. He drew this on November 20, 1869. It shows Uncle Sam and Columbia hosting all the people of the world who had been attached to the United States by its promise of self- government and democracy. Cartoons of Uncle Sam influenced Americans to allow the U. S. Government to make some imperialistic moves in Latin America. Earlier in 1885, Nasty shows the more powerful countries fighting for territory in the weaker countries in his cartoon, The Worlds Plunderers. A few decades after this picture World War I was taking place in Europe and posters of Uncle Sam influenced Americans to go to war for the sake of their country. In World War II, Uncle Sam posters circulated all around America as many volunteers were recruited to go fight in the battle lines alongside the allied soldiers. Nasty popularized the elephant as the symbol of the Republican Party and the donkey as the symbol of the Democratic Party; a staunch Republican, he liked the elephant as a symbol of his own party because it had been known as an animal for its dignity, strength, and intelligence since as far back as Roman times. The donkey had appeared as a symbol for the Democratic Party in the asses when Andrew Jackson was President; Nasty used his skill to enhance and popularize it. Socially, Annas most famous achievement is most likely his Christmas Drawings. In 1862, his Christmas drawings marked the first appearance of the Santa Claus we all know today. To most Americans, Santa was known as a more religious-type figure before Nasty depicted him as a citizen of the world. Because Santa Claus home was the North Pole, he did not belong to any one country. The idea that Santa had a workshop and elves to help him also came about from the works of Nasty. In Santa Claus in Camp depicts blue- caped soldiers waiting for Santa to give them their gifts. Nasty was inspired to produce seventy six Christmas engravings over the next twenty four years. Nasty put it all into visual form: a sleigh, minder, Jolly old elves, filling the stockings hung by the chimney, and so forth. By the late sasss when Annas Santa Claus gained popularity, Christmas day was legally established as December 25 in all states and territories in the United States. This concept of Christmas and the holidays brought families and people closer together as they took breaks from their Jobs and went on vacations or spent time with their families. Christmas also began the move to commercial and economic interests. Stores began including drawings of Santa in their ads and tying it with Christmas sales and promotions. It is hard to tell what Christmas and the customs that go along with it would be like today without Annas Christmas drawings. Nasty influenced America greatly in both the social and political aspects of American life. His engravings and cartoons influenced the American working class by challenging them to stand against the Establishment in order to preserve their interests. His cartoons helped America to realize the extent that progressive and socialist movements had on the contemporary issues far more than writings or speeches did.

Explore how reality TV exploits the proletariat Essays

Explore how reality TV exploits the proletariat Essays Explore how reality TV exploits the proletariat Essay Explore how reality TV exploits the proletariat Essay The proletariat audience is exploited by reality television through the way in which the shows influence the audience. The exploitation mainly comes from the name of the genre. Referring to the genre as ‘reality’ gives the audience a false sense of truth towards the programme. The idea of the show being a reality causes the audience to believe that it is real life that they are watching when a lot of the time; it is not a true representation of real life at all. Criticisms of reality TV also suggest that the genre is in place to exploit and humiliate the participants. It is a way in which the television industry is able to make celebrities out of people who really have no talent at all. Through these ‘reality’ programmes, the production companies are able to glamourise the vulgarity that they convey to the audience. Film maker and theorist, Gary Oldman is amongst critics of the reality genre who describes the genre as â€Å"the museum of social decay.† This links to the idea of the proletariat being exposed to the false reality that is the Reality TV genre. The social decay is the idea that the audience is being brainwashed by the false reality that they see. It causes them to believe that what they are consuming is in fact reality rather than glamourised events which exploit those partaking in the programme. Geordie Shore is a prime example of the exploitation of the proletariat through the consumption of reality TV. Although the show is actually ‘structured reality’ which would suggest that the events are put into a scripted situation but without scripted dialogue, it still conveys a false sense of reality for the viewer. The target audience for the show would also be 18 to 30 year olds, in demographic grading’s of C2 and below. This target audience are likely to be vulnerable to consuming the show as a real life reality show. Levi Strauss’ theory on binary oppositions would apply to Geordie Shore because of the binary opposites within the show. A key binary opposite is the men and women. Although all housemates are from Newcastle and all behave in equally vulgar ways, the way in which they are viewed for their behaviour are very different because of their gender. For example, the female housemates will often flash their naked bodies or on nights out they will wear a lot of makeup and very revealing outfits. The men will also flash nudity and dress up for nights out, but the judgement they get for doing so is very different than the way the women are judged. 5 years on since the first episode aired, the housemates are now reality TV stars and whilst they are all successful in their own ways, it seems as though the ordeals from the past still hang over the females whilst not so much over the men. On screen sex is very common in Geordie Shore and it is clear that the women are still answering for their actions years later, whilst the men seem to have been excused from their behaviour on the show. This causes the proletariat audience to have different exceptions and expectations dependent on gender. The way in which the men reacted on the show after the females partaking in one night stands is evidently different from the way in which the women reacted to the men’s actions. The women in the show seemed to just accept that the men going out and sleeping with numerous women was normal and a reality. Whereas the men would seem offended and degrade the women for doing the same. This causes the audience to oppress the female housemates much more for doing the exact same thing as the men. This exploits the proletariat as they consume the idea that men can do vulgar things and not be oppressed as the women are. This takes advantage of the way in which the audience subconsciously consume the views and beliefs that are being put on them by the show. Another way in which the proletariat is exploited by the show is through the way in which the housemates look. Their image creates an unrealistic reality for the viewers and it causes the viewers to become numb to the idea that this kind of look is normal and achievable. Both the men and women in the show create unrealistic expectations for the viewer. Journalist and theorist, Charlie Brooker, highlights the way in which the male reality stars look, stating â€Å"Theyve got sculpted physiques, sculpted hairdos, sculpted eyebrows, and as far as I can tell, no skin pores.† This statement helps to highlight the way in which pressure is put on the young proletariat because of the look of the individuals seen on these reality programmes. Obviously the partaking housemates have been made to look idealistic and attractive by the production organisation in order to be people that the audience will want to watch. However, this causes many issues in the young viewers and can cause them to be self-conscious and some may even take paths to attempt to achieve these unrealistic looks. The idea of some of the cast mates having ‘no skin pores’ conveys the way in which the show and its individuals are fake and not realistic appearances or lifestyles for the proletariat to aspire to. The exploitation of the proletariat audience through reality TV is the reality of the genre. With the way in which the proletariat is vulnerable to being exploited by the shows, there is no end to the way in which ‘reality’ TV can alter the beliefs and values of the viewer through their texts’ content. There is little to no limit of what can be broadcasted as long as it is deemed ‘reality’ which causes conflict and misunderstanding amongst an audience who knows no different than to believe what they are consuming.

Reaction about cinderella man Essays

Reaction about cinderella man Essays Reaction about cinderella man Paper Reaction about cinderella man Paper Since full performance requires, in part, regular and punctual class attendance, students are expected to attend all classes for which they are registered. Faculty will establish attendance policies for their courses and communicate those policies through course syllabi or outlines. Departmental office. Courtesy requires that students speak to the instructor and preferably present a signed and dated memo briefly stating the reasons for absence. Faculty members are responsible for keeping records of attendance of all students registered in each class. Students are responsible for completing any work they have issued. The faculty member is not required to do extra teaching to help students catch up. Holiday Observances: The III Department follows and observes all holidays and break periods identified by the University throughout the academic year and are considered excused absences. These dates can be found on the Ball State website calendar link. Other observances not identified by Ball State, such as those holidays and observances based on cultural customs, are not considered by the III department and the University as excused absences when students choose to remain absent room class at such times. Students must follow absence policies as they are described in the Course Absence Policy in this syllabus. Note: these policies may vary among courses. Academic Honesty and Plagiarism: Academic honesty is highly regarded. Academic honesty means that you are the original author of your academic work and progress. Shared, borrowed, and copied work requires appropriate proof through citation methods in order to be included in your own work. You will learn the culturally appropriate writing instructions in your III courses in order to avoid the penalties for academic dishonesty and plagiarism. Academic dishonesty: using unauthorized aids during tests and other assignments; submitting someone elses work as your own; includes plagiarism using anothers word or ideas without proper citation. Plagiarism: is not permitted in any class at Ball State University; using anothers word or ideas without proper citation; may result in No Credit; may result in being expelled from the university; may result in termination of III and Ball State enrollment. Behavior While Taking an Exam The following rules apply when taking any exam which includes the Final Exam

The Boy scouts of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Boy scouts of America - Essay Example This study will seek to enlighten how BSA attains its objectives of character and citizenship development and answer questions on how it promotes citizenship. Insights will come from the BSA handbook that has written its guidelines for membership and other related information. The BSA Handbook of 1965 [2] has been reviewed to arrive at a relationship in the development of citizenship. I have found out in the handbook important basic things that shape the character of an individual to become a responsible citizen. The handbook details the character development of BSA members. It explains opportunities of being close to nature; becoming a leader and member of a group; knowing how to survive; and fortifying their oaths to be always prepared, and be able to serve. It is not all about having fun, but of instilling values and training to become responsive and being a good citizen at an early age. Instilling values and training should begin at an early age. This is also the age where boys from 11 to 17 years old are invited to join the boy scouts movement. Boy scouting movement has been designed to strengthen one’s character, physical fitness and good citizenship. The program includes outdoor activities, peer group leadership opportunities, exploration of hobby, career and special interests. a. What does the BSA concept means in the context of its use within BSA and citizenship; or what form of citizenship is being promoted to the broad construction of juridical and socio-political citizenship? Immigrants of all races are attracted to enter the USA. As such, inter-racial integration in the society emerged. Two classes of world citizen have come to the corridors of America, and are classified as the juridical and socio political citizen. A juridical citizen [3] is someone who has gained immigrant status and has lawfully entered the US. Socio-economic citizen applies to investors, business

Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Contract Law - Essay Example The industrial revolution was characterized by the rise of many businesses and enterprises to offer employment opportunities and consequently boost peoples’ living standards. With such an active population, it was expected that some people could make use of others’ resources and time by carrying out fraud business practices. This led to the formation of laws that sought to govern both the workers and the employers and protect them from any uncouth business practices that either could carry on the other. The law not only served the employees and employers but also observed that the business practices carried out by different business entities were legal . There are other scholars that claim that contract law came to rise as a sub-branch of civil law. History of contract law with relation to civil law is rather precise. This is from the fact that contract law is widespread from the fact that different contracts have different rules depending with the type of business acti vities to be carried out by the parties. This thus does not require a particular set law to govern it and makes it rather flexible and diverse. This is related to civil law in that civil law has core principles summed up and put into a referable structure and rules are made depending on the most appropriate system. This inspired present day contract law and thus the various developments witnessed .The Lex mercatoria is also said to have been a powerful force in the formation of contract law. The Lex mercatoria acted as a system through which merchants.... This is from the fact that contract law is widespread from the fact that different contracts have different rules depending with the type of business activities to be carried out by the parties. This thus does not require a particular set law to govern it and makes it rather flexible and diverse. This is related to civil law in that civil law has core principles summed up and put into a referable structure and rules are made depending on the most appropriate system. This inspired present day contract law and thus the various developments witnessed3. The Lex mercatoria is also said to have been a powerful force in the formation of contract law. The Lex mercatoria acted as a system through which merchants and other business people used in Europe in the medieval era to ensure that there was the upholding of healthy business practices4. As it evolved, it gained principles that leaned more towards the common law setting. This is when a set of business people and law makers convened and so ught to create a system that would support merchants of all types regardless of the types of business they carried out unlike the common law that had a particular set system. This led to the formation and rise of contract law. Shifting focus to Classical Law, it is important to understand that it is one of the oldest forms of law in existence. Classical law has its roots in Rome and thus has the synonym Roman law. The form of law receives credit as one of the oldest law systems from the fact that it comprises laws that were written in Stone tablets. Roman law has ensured that these laws are observed by the subjects it governs and amendments are rarely done on it. Classical law can relate to contract law in that the

Truth Essay Essay Example for Free

Truth Essay Essay How should truth be defined based on the knowledge one would have? There are endless theories that try to answer this question. Unfortunately, every theory has its contest. Would we even know if a theory was the truth? That is not even possible. We could never prove whether a theory was actually truth. It creates a loop. We would have to know what is and isn’t truth to prove what is actually true. Is truth relative, or is it absolute? How would we know? Winkin made a statement about the Dutroux Commission, which was a court case in which a Belgian man named Marc Dutroux was found guilty of murder after he kidnapped, imprisoned and repeatedly raped six girls and murdered four of them, which states â€Å". . . the Commission is based on a sort of presupposition that there exists, not a truth, but the truth. . . † However, as he talked on he stated that he believed that both Officer Lesage, who said he send Judge Doutrewe a file on Dutroux, and that Doutrewe, who denied ever receiving the file, were both telling the truth. He implied that truth is in relation to one person is not necessarily true in relation to another person. What is true depends on who is making the statement. On another hand, the most popular theory of truth is the correspondence theory. The correspondence theory states that truth is a correspondence between a proposal or idea and some fact in the real world. This theory assumes that there actually is a real world whose existence does not depend on our own thought, beliefs and perceptions. It assumes that the real world exists and has always existed whether or not we were around to believe it or not. However, this theory is contested. It can be â€Å"wrongly assumed† that we can determine whether our beliefs correspond to an external realty or just our response to the external world through our senses. Perhaps the problem with this is that we cannot define the fact that the statement is suppose to correspond without using the true statement as proof. However, in tune with the correspondence theory, coherence theory states that a belief is true if it is coherent with other beliefs that we regard as true. However, I personally believe that truth is not defined this way at all. You can get a 3 billion people to believe that the sun is a giant llama wizard and the stars are his minions and it would not make it anymore true and would probably be proven false eventually. This relates to when people thought the earth was flat or that the sun orbited it. It is clear, with the faults in the correspondence and the coherence theory, more possibilities have been suggested. Possibilities such being that a belief is true if it works or is useful, like the pragmatic theory. This â€Å"Pragmatic Theory† holds that there is no actual absolute truth. A statement is true if it is useful to believe. It is only true if it is beneficial to us or necessary to survival, if it passes the test of science. However, the flaw I see in this theory is that the wonder that, what if what is beneficial to the human race is not able to pass the test of science? Why would it need to? If it is useful and we believe it why should it have to pass the test of science? Not to mention that if everyone just suddenly believes it, it doesn’t necessarily make it true all of the sudden. I side with Winkin. He defines that there are many truth depending on whom you are and who is talking. I tend to agree with that. This would mean there just may be an actual and absolute truth but we would never know for sure. This way truth is both relative and absolute. I may believe the relative truth and another may believe that which is absolute. It is also possible that everyone believes a relative truth and the absolute is hidden. It would be impossible to prove what is true and what would not be if we all believed something different to be true. However, that is small scale. There are seven billion people on the planet. Everyone one the whole planet could believe that, bringing the sun back to the spotlight, the earth is currently orbiting the sun. However, we could all believe it and have the science, as we would believe, to back up the theory but it may not be true at all. Truth can be both relative and absolute.

Hemingway’s The Green Hills of Africa CRH Essays -- Green Hills of Af

Hemingway’s The Green Hills of Africa CRH The Green Hills of Africa is Hemingway’s second non-fiction work, set in 1933, following the author and his second wife, Pauline, on a big-game safari in Africa. It was first serialized and then published in 1935. The first run was of 10,500 copies selling at $2.75 a piece. While many smaller critics passed their typical glossy review of Hemingway, those at the height of literary criticism bombarded it. Particularly with respect to what Hemingway claimed the novel was. In the foreword of the novel, Ernest Hemingway writes, â€Å"The writer has attempted to write an absolutely true book to see whether the shape of a country and the pattern of a month’s action can, if truly presented, compete with a work of the imagination.†1 Fittingly the critical response to Hemingway’s second non-fiction work examined the novel in that respect, as well as in its achievement as a free-standing novel. The initial responses to the Green Hills of Africa fall into three categories: poor, indifferent, and promising. Starting with the poor reviews, always Hemingway’s favorites, John Chamberlain of the New York Times calls the novel â€Å"simply an overextended book about hunting†, not the â€Å"profound philosophical experience† that the foreword proposes it is. Further, it is â€Å"not one of Hemingway’s major works.†2 Newsweek says, â€Å"He said he wanted to write a novel and earn enough money to go back to Africa to "learn more about lions" and that is all he did.†3 Perhaps the most biting criticism comes from Edmund Wilson: As soon as Hemingway begins speaking in the first person, he seems to lose his bearings, not merely as a critic of life, but even as a craftsman.... Almost the only thing we learn abou... ...al format. 5. http://www.hemingwaysociety.org/virthem.htm This site provides many useful links to all aspects of Hemingway, including his writing, criticism, and other useful links. 1 Foreword, Ernest Hemingway, Green Hills of Africa 2 http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/07/04/specials/hemingway-green2.html 3 Africa: Book Hemingway Wrote So He Could Rejoin the Lions Newsweek, 6, October 26, 1935, 39-40 4 http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/hemingway.htm 5 pg. 157, Ernest Hemingway: The Critical Reception, Burt Franklin and Co. 1977 6 pp22, 50, The Literary Reputation of Hemingway in Europe, Leteres Modernes, 1965 7 pg. 157, Ernest Hemingway: The Critical Reception, Burt Franklin and Co. 1977 8 pg. 154, Ernest Hemingway: The Critical Reception, Burt Franklin and Co. 1977 9 152, Ernest Hemingway: The Critical Reception, Burt Franklin and Co. 1977

Decision Making and Consumer Essay

What major psychological processes influence consumer responses to the marketing program? * How do consumers make purchasing decisions? * In what ways do consumers stray from a deliberate rational decision process? Contents Introduction4 What influences Consumer behavior? 5 Cultural factors5 Social factors6 Personal factors7 Key psychological processes9 Motivation9 Perception10 Learning11 Emotion12 Memory12 The buying decision process14 Behavioral decision theory & behavioral economics20 Introduction The aim of marketing is to meet and satisfy target customers’ need and want better than competitors. Marketers must have a thorough understanding of how consumers think, feel, and act and offer clear value to each and every target consumer. Successful marketing requires that companies fully connect with their customers. Adopting a holistic marketing orientation means understanding customers-gaining a 360-degree view of both their daily lives and the changes that occur during their lifetimes so the right products are always marketed to the right customers in the right way. So we are going to explore individual consumer buying dynamism. Model of Consumer beha-vior Model of Consumer beha-vior Fig 1. 1 Fig 1. 1 The starting point for understanding consumer behavior is the stimulus-response model shown in figure 1. 1. Marketing and environmental stimuli enter the consumer’s consciousness, and a set of psychological processes combine with certain consumer characteristics to result in decision processes and purchase decisions. The marketer’s task is to understand what happens in the consumer’s consciousness between the arrival of the outside marketing stimuli and the ultimate purchase decisions. What influences Consumer behavior? Consumer behavior is the study of how individuals, groups and organizations select, buy, use and dispose of goods, services, idea or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants. A Consumer’s buying behavior is influenced by cultural, social, and personal factors. Cultural factors Culture is the fundamental determinant of a person’s wants ;amp; behavior. Each culture consists of smaller subcultures that provide more specific identification and socialization for their members. Subcultures include nationalities, religions, racial groups and geographic regions. Virtually all human societies exhibit social stratification, most often in the form of social classes, relatively homogeneous and enduring divisions in a society, hierarchically ordered and with members who share similar values, interest and behavior. Social Classes Upper uppers Upper uppers Lower uppers Lower uppers Upper middles Upper middles Middle Middle Working Working Upper lowers Upper lowers Lower lowers Lower lowers Social factors Such as Reference groups, Family and Social roles and statuses affect our buying behavior. Reference groups A person’s references groups are all the groups that have a direct or indirect influence on their behavior * Membership groups * Primary groups * Secondary groups * Aspirational groups * Dissociative groups Groups having a direct influence are called membership groups, some of these are Primary groups with whom the person interacts continuously and informally such as family, friends, neighbors and coworkers. People also belong to Secondary groups such as religious, professional and trade-union, which tend to be more formal and require less continuous interaction. People re also influenced by groups to which they don’t belong. Aspirational groups are those a person hops to join; Dissociative groups are those values or behavior an individual rejects. Marketers must determine how to reach and influence the group’s opinion leaders opinion leaders are often highly confident, socially active. Family There are two families in the buyer’s life: * Family of orienta tion consists of parents and siblings * Family of procreation the person’s spouse and children Rules and status Role consists of the activities a person is expected, each role in turn connotes a status Personal factors Personal characteristic that influence a buyer’s decision include * Age and stage Our taste of food, clothes and recreation is related to our age. Marketers should consider critical life events or transitions like marriage. * Occupation and Economic Circumstances Marketers try to identify the Occupational groups that have above-average interest in their product and services and even tailor product for certain Occupational groups. Both product and brand choices are affected by economic circumstance: 1. Spendable income (level, stability and time pattern) 2. Savings and assets (percentage that is liquid) 3. Debts 4. Borrowing power 5. Attitudes toward spending and saving * Personality and self-concept Personality set of distinguishing human psychological traits that lead to relatively consistent and enduring response to environmental stimuli (buying behavior). Like self-confidence, dominance, autonomy, deference, sociability, defensiveness and adaptability. Brand personality is a specific mix of human traits that we can attribute to a particular brand. 1. Sincerity 2. Excitement 3. Competence 4. Sophistication 5. Ruggedness * Life style and values Life style is a person’s pattern of living in the world as expressed in activities, interests and opinions. The ‘’ whole person ‘’ interacting with his/her environment. Life styles are shaped partly by whether consumers are money constrained (lower-cost product) or time constrained (multi-tasking). Consumer decisions are also influenced by core value the belief systems that underlie attitudes and behavior. Core values go much deeper than attitudes and behavior, people’s choices and desires over the long term. Key psychological processes Four key psychological process: Motivation, Perception, Learning, and Memory Motivation We all have many needs at any given time. Needs are: 1. Biogenic arise from physiological states of tension such as hunger. 2. Psychogenic arise from psychological states of tension such as the need of recognition. Three of the best-known theories of human motivation: Sigmund Freud, Abraham Maslow, and Frederick Herzberg. * Freud’s Theory Behavior is guided by subconscious motivations * Maslow’s Theory Behavior is driven by lowest, unmet need Fig 2. 1 Fig 2. 1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs * Herzberg’s Theory Behavior is guided by motivating and hygiene factors. It has two implications: 1. Sellers should do their best to avoid dissatisfiers. 2. The seller should identify the major satisfiers or motivators of purchase in the market and then supply them. Perception Perception is the process by which we select, organize and interpret information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world. Perceptions are more important than reality because perceptions affect consumer’s actual behavior. People emerge with different perceptions of the same object because of three perceptual processes: * Selective attention Selective attention means that marketers must work hard to attract consumer’s notice * People are more likely to notice stimuli that relate to a current need * People are more likely to notice stimuli they anticipate * People are more likely to notice stimuli whose deviations are large in relationship to the normal size of the stimuli * Selective distortion Is the tendency to interpret information in a way that fits our preconceptions. Selective distortion can work to the advantages of marketers with strong brands when consumers distort neutral or ambiguous brand information to make it more positive. Selective retention We are likely to remember good points about a product we like and forget good points about competing products. It explains why marketers need to use repetition. * Subliminal perception Learning ((When we act we learn)) Learning induces changes in our behavior arising from experience. Learning theorists believe learning is produced through the interplay of drive s, stimuli, cues, responses ;amp; reinforcement. Drive is a strong internal stimulus impelling action. Cues are minor stimuli that determine when, where ;amp; how a person response. Discrimination means we have learned to recognize differences in sets of similar stimuli ;amp; can adjust our responses accordingly. Learning theory teaches marketers that they can build demand for a product by associating it with strong drives, using motivating cues ;amp; providing positive reinforcement. Hedonic bias occurs when people have a general tendency to attribute success to themselves ;amp; failure to external causes. Emotion Consumer response is not all cognitive ;amp; rational; much maybe emotional ;amp; invoke different kinds of feelings. A brand or product may make a consumer feel proud, excited, or confident. An ad may create feeling of amusement, disgust, or wonder. Memory * Short term memory (STM) a temporary ;amp; limited repository of information. * Long term memory (LTM) a more permanent, essentially unlimited repository. All the information ;amp; experiences we encounter as we go through life can end up in our long-term memory. Associative network memory model views LTM as a set of nodes ;amp; links. Nodes are stored information connected by links that vary in strength. A spreading process from node to node determine how much we retrieve ;amp; what information we can actually recall in any given situation. In this model, we can think of consumer brand knowledge as a node in memory with a variety of linked associations. The strength of these associations will be important determinant of the info we can recall about the brand. Brand association consist of all brand-related thoughts , feelings , perceptions , images, experiences , beliefs , attitudes ;amp; so on that become linked to the brand node. State farm mental map State farm mental map Fig 2. 2 Fig 2. 2 Memory process Memory is a very constructive process, because we don’t remember info ;amp; events completely ;amp; accurately. Memory encoding describes how ;amp; where info gets in the memory. The strength of the resulting association depends on how much we process the info at encoding ;amp; in what way. Memory retrieval is the way information gets out of memory. 1. The presence of other product info in memory can produce interference effects ;amp; cause us to either overlook or confuse new data. 2. The time between exposure to info ;amp; encoding has been shown generally to produce only gradual decay. 3. Info may be available in memory but not be accessible for recall without the proper retrieval cues or reminders. The buying decision process The five stage model of buying process: 1. Problem recognition 2. Information search 3. Evaluation of alternatives 4. Purchase decision 5. Post purchase behavior 1. Problem recognition The buying process starts when the buyer recognizes a problem or need triggered by internal or external stimuli. Marketers need to identify the circumstances that trigger a particular need by gathering information from a number of consumers. 2. Information search Information sources * Personal: family, friends†¦etc. * Commercial: ads, web sites †¦etc. * Public: mass media †¦. etc. Experiential: handling, examining†¦etc. Search dynamic by gathering information, the consumer learns about competing brands ;amp; their features. Successive Sets in Decision Making: 3. Evaluation of alternatives * Some basic concepts will help us understand consumer evaluation process: First, the consumer is trying to satisfy a need. Second, the consumer is looking for a certain benefits from the product solution. Third, the consumer sees each product as a bundle of attributes with varying abilities to deliver the benefits. Belief is a descriptive thought that a person holds about something. Attitudes a person’s enduring favorable or unfavorable evaluations, emotional feelings, ;amp; action tendencies toward some object or ideas. Attitudes put us into a frame of mind: liking or disliking an object, moving toward or away from it. Expectancy-value model The consumer arrives at attitudes toward various brands through an attribute evaluation procedure, developing a set of beliefs about where each brand stands on each attribute. The expectancy-value model of attitude formation posits that consumers evaluate products ;amp; services by combining their brand beliefs according to importance. . Purchase decision In executing a purchase intention the consumer may make up to 5 sub decisions: Brand, Dealer, Quantity, Timing, and payment method. It is a Step between Alternative Evaluation and Purchase. Non-Compensatory Models of Choice: Conjunctive heuristic: the consumer set a min acceptable cutoff level for each attribute ;amp; chooses the first alternative that meets the min standard for all attribute. Lexicographic heuristic: the consumer chooses the best brand on the basis of its perceived most important attribute. Elimination-by-aspects heuristic: the consumer compare brands on an attribute selected probabistically ;amp; eliminates brands that don’t meet min acceptable cutoffs. Intervening factors Steps purchase intention between and Purchas: Steps between Alternative Evaluation and Purchase Steps between Alternative Evaluation and Purchase Fig 3. 1 Fig 3. 1 Attitudes of others Depends on 2 things: 1. The intensity of the other person’s negative attitude toward our preferred alternative. 2. Our motivation to comply with the other person’s wishes. Unanticipated situational factors may erupt to change the purchase intention (Perceived Risk): 1. Functional risk: the product doesn’t perform to expectations. 2. Physical risk: the product poses a threat to physical well-being or health of the user or others 3. Financial risk: the product isn’t worth the price paid. 4. Social risk: the product results in embarrassment in front of others. 5. Psychological risk: the product affects the mental well-being of the other user. 6. Time risk: the failure of the product results in an opportunity cost of finding another satisfactory product. 5. Post purchase behavior Marketer must monitor post purchase satisfaction, actions, uses ;amp; disposal. Post purchase satisfaction Satisfaction is a function of closeness between expectations ;amp; the product’s perceived performance. If performance falls of expectations the consumer is disappointed; if it meets expectations the consumer is satisfied; if it exceeds expectations, the consumer is delighted. Post purchase actions Satisfied consumer is more likely to purchase the product again ;amp; will also tend to say good things about the brand to others. Dissatisfied consumer may abandon or return the product. Private actions include deciding to stop buying the product (exit option) or warning friends (voice option). Post purchase uses ;amp; disposal Marketers should also monitor how buyers use ;amp; dispose of the product. Fig 3. 2 Fig 3. 2 How buyers use ;amp; dispose of the product How buyers use ;amp; dispose of the product Moderating effects on consumer decision making The manner or path by which a consumer moves through the decision-making stages depends on several factors including the level of involvement ;amp; extent of variety seeking. * Low-Involvement Decision Making Petty ;amp; cacippo’s elaboration an influential model of attitude formation ;amp; change, describe how consumers make evaluation in both low ;amp; high involvement circumstances. Central route in which attitude or change stimulates much thought ;amp; is based on consumer’s diligent, rational consideration of the most important product information. Peripheral route in which attitude formation or change provokes much less thought ;amp; results from the consumer’s association of a brand with either positive or negative peripheral cues. Marketers use 4 techniques to try to covert low involvement product into one of higher involvement: 1. They can link the product to an engaging issue. 2. They can link the product to a personal situation. 3. They might design advertising to trigger strong emotions related to personal values. 4. They might add an important feature. * Variety-seeking buying behavior Here consumers often do a lot of brand switching. Brand switching occurs for the sake of variety rather than dissatisfaction. The market leader will try to encourage habitual buying behavior by dominating the self-space with a variety of related but different product versions, avoiding out-of-stock conditions, & sponsoring frequent reminder advertising. Behavioral decision theory & behavioral economics Behavioral decision theory (BDT) has identified many situations in which consumers make seemingly irrational choices. 1. Decision heuristics. 2. Framing. 3. Mental accounting. * Decision heuristics 1. Availability heuristic consumers base their predictions on the quickness & ease with which a particular example of an outcomes comes to mind. 2. Representative heuristic consumers base their predictions on how representative or similar the outcomes are to other examples.

McCarty v. Pheasant Run , Inc.

Summary of CaseMrs. Dula McCarty brought suit against Pheasant Run Inc. for negligence. In 1981, Mrs. McCarty was attacked by a man in her hotel room, beaten and threatened of rape. Mrs. McCarty ultimately fought off her attacker and he fled. The attacker was never identified nor brought to justice. Although Mrs. McCarty did not sustain serious physical injuries, she claimed the incident caused prolonged emotional distress which led to an early retirement. An investigation revealed that a sliding glass door, which was concealed behind curtains, was manipulated and enabled the attacker to gain entry into her hotel room. Mrs. McCarty made multiple claims of negligence against Pheasant Run Inc., including that they should have had better locking devices on the sliding door; more security personnel; the walkway to her sliding door inaccessible from the ground level; better over all procedures for dealing with non guests; posting signs telling guests to keep their doors locked at all time s. Ultimately, the court did not see it Mrs. McCarty’s way. McCarty argued the judge should have granted her motion for judgment notwithstanding the jury’s verdict for the defendant.McCarty did not request the directed verdict on the issue of Pheasant Runs negligence which is a prerequisite to judgment n.o.v. Many accidents are neither the injurer nor the victims fault and therefore there is no liability. The judge advised Mrs. McCarty that the case was not as one sided as she believed it to be. Additionally, following a jury’s verdict, a judge cannot substitute its judgment when the judgment was reasonable (2). Mrs. McCarty did a poor job in proving that Pheasant Run could have prevented her attack with her advised precautions.Mrs. McCarty did not provide information of what it would cost Pheasant Run to equip the hotel rooms with improved locking systems and whether the system would have been impenetrable. She also failed to advise the jury on the additional s ecurity forces she claimed would have made a difference. In regards to the Mrs. McCarty’s sliding door, it was equipped with a lock and an additional safety chain. The safety chain was fastened but the lock was not used. This case  had evidence of negligence but none of strict liability. There were reasonable precautions in place. Elements of Intentional TortTort law enables citizens to seek reimbursement for loss and or suffering from conduct that would be deemed dangerous or unreasonable of others (3). Tort law is non criminal and is dealt with in our civil judicial system. The categories of Tort Law include intentional tort, negligence and strict liability.An intentional tort case is proved by the plaintiff showing that the defendant intentionally injured him/her (1). In a negligence case, the plaintiff shows that the defendant did not act carefully as the law requires and therefore should be liable for any damages to the plaintiff (1). The strict liability cases occur w hen a plaintiff suffers damages even though the defendant acted carefully and with no intent of harm being done to them (1).During a trial the plaintiff will attempt to prove their case by the presentation of evidence to the trier of fact. The evidence usually includes testimony of persons involved; witnesses as well as physical things such as pictures, documentation/records, recordings etc†¦ How a Defense is TriggeredA common defense is that there was a superseding intervening cause which was the cause of the injury to the plaintiff. The plaintiff must then prove that the injury was a result of the tort committed by the defendant and not due to the progression of the prior cause. Another defense, regarding breach of duty, is that a plaintiff must show they have damage that is legally recognized. The plaintiff cannot claim they have suffered but cannot show damages.Proximate cause refers to the plaintiff being able to show that the damage and or injuries they sustained were a r esult of the tort they are suing for. An example would be the plaintiff’s nose was broke as a result of the defendant flailing his elbow’s amongst the crowd. Features in a Negligence ComplaintScenarios where people are injured as a result of an accident occur more frequently than those where people are injured due to malicious behavior. As a result, the law recognizes a duty to conform to a certain standard of conduct for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. If there is a failure to conform which results in an injury, damage or loss, the injured party has a cause of action for negligence. Additionally, a court will utilize several ways to formulate the negligence standard.One of the more famous is the â€Å"Hand Formula† which determines whether the burden of precaution is less than the magnitude of the accident, if it occurs, multiplied by the probability of occurrence. In a negligence case, there are four elements that must be researched for a plaintiff to recover damages.These elements include: 1) did a defendant owe the plaintiff a duty to act in a certain way 2) did the defendant breach the duty by failing to act as well as the duty required 3) did the defendants conduct cause some harm 4) did the defendants conduct harm the plaintiff (1). If any of these elements are found to not be true then no cause of action in negligence is recognized. It is important to note that it is the responsibility of the plaintiff to prove that the defendant was negligent. There are some differences between negligence and other torts. When establishing negligence, the defendant has a â€Å"reasonable person† standard he/she must abide by.Compared to strict liability, a person has the absolute duty to make safe that which is the subject of the lawsuit (3). Negligence per se is another tort which differs from negligence. Regarding negligence per se, an act performed is shown to be in violation of state law or city ordinance. Ma lpractice is a form of negligence which takes form in a different field. It is coined â€Å"professional negligence† (3). A person is required to act as would a reasonably skilled, prudent, competent, and experienced member of their profession.

Free Essays on AA

The meeting I attended was in Seattle it was an AA, open meeting, non-smoking and they labeled it as a discussion meeting. It took me a while to find a meeting that was non-smoking; can’t stand the smell of smoke. I didn’t know what to expect from the meeting. I remember going with my mom when I was younger but I don’t remember too much about the actual meeting. This meeting however was sort of a wake up call so to speak. I don’t do any drugs nor do I drink but I was still nervous going into the meeting. When I walked into the meeting room, the room was full of chairs and refreshments such as juice and coffee; they even had some crackers and cookies for the participants. There were a lot of people that just seemed like they were out of it. It actually looked like1/2 of the people needed a drink. I got the impression that some of them seemed to not want to be there. When they started going around the room and introducing themselves and telling complete strangers their problems it really hit me. I just told myself that I am lucky to be in the position I am in. I feel so grateful to have my life going in a direction that I want it to. I felt really bad for some of the people, here they are drinking themselves to death and nothing seems to faze them. This one guy stood up and said that even though he is on probation he still can’t stop â€Å"boozeing it up.† I have a good heart but when that guy said that he was disregarding his probation I couldn’t help but to have some disrespect for him. I don’t care what people say if you are disciplined enough you can quit anything. My dad smoked for over 20 years and one day he just quit. He hasn’t smoked for over 20 years. This guy had no discipline, he was a walking wreak. When he was talking, he was looking towards the ground the whole time; you could tell that he was disappointed in himself. Attending this meeting was one of the hardest things I have ... Free Essays on AA Free Essays on AA The meeting I attended was in Seattle it was an AA, open meeting, non-smoking and they labeled it as a discussion meeting. It took me a while to find a meeting that was non-smoking; can’t stand the smell of smoke. I didn’t know what to expect from the meeting. I remember going with my mom when I was younger but I don’t remember too much about the actual meeting. This meeting however was sort of a wake up call so to speak. I don’t do any drugs nor do I drink but I was still nervous going into the meeting. When I walked into the meeting room, the room was full of chairs and refreshments such as juice and coffee; they even had some crackers and cookies for the participants. There were a lot of people that just seemed like they were out of it. It actually looked like1/2 of the people needed a drink. I got the impression that some of them seemed to not want to be there. When they started going around the room and introducing themselves and telling complete strangers their problems it really hit me. I just told myself that I am lucky to be in the position I am in. I feel so grateful to have my life going in a direction that I want it to. I felt really bad for some of the people, here they are drinking themselves to death and nothing seems to faze them. This one guy stood up and said that even though he is on probation he still can’t stop â€Å"boozeing it up.† I have a good heart but when that guy said that he was disregarding his probation I couldn’t help bu t to have some disrespect for him. I don’t care what people say if you are disciplined enough you can quit anything. My dad smoked for over 20 years and one day he just quit. He hasn’t smoked for over 20 years. This guy had no discipline, he was a walking wreak. When he was talking, he was looking towards the ground the whole time; you could tell that he was disappointed in himself. Attending this meeting was one of the hardest things I have ... Free Essays on AA Today’s society has been corrupted by the constant abuse of drugs and alcohol. Alcohol alone is responsible for over nine hundred thousand deaths, on average, per year. Most people don’t even look at alcohol as a drug. In fact alcohol is a very dangerous drug in the world. The main reason that it is so dangerous is because there are so many people that abuse it. Alcohol is not only legal, but is also one of the most abused drugs in the world. People from various cultures perceive drinking in different contexts, and huge amounts of alcohol are consumed annually around the world. Alcohol is usually consumed orally and it distributes itself fast and evenly through body water, and it easily trespasses the blood-brain barrier and the placental barrier. Even at low levels, alcohol disrupts performance and interferes with complex activities. It generally causes feelings of happiness and reduces the ability of aversive events to control behavior. High doses cause loud, energetic behavior, and even higher doses cause loss of consciousness and death. Tolerance to alcohol develops after regular and large amounts of consumption. It also creates physical dependence and serious withdrawal symptoms that can cause death if left untreated. The reason people abuse it so is because the society looks at alcohol as a normal part of life, the society promotes drinking, and when people want it they can have it. We just have to run down the street to the local supermarket and buy whatever type of alcohol that appeals to us. The number of alcoholics has risen drastically over the decades. In the 1970’s America started to recognize the growing problem of alcoholism. Organizations were formed to help the people that wanted help. The different organizations and groups eventually lead to the formation of a group called Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). Which has become the best treatment for people that have the disease of Alcoholism. AA is the m...

Free Essays on Gladiator

The promotional tag-lines succinctly sketch the plotline and its major movements: "the general who became a slave, the slave who became a gladiator, the gladiator who defied an emperor", "a hero will rise" and "in this life or the next, I will have my vengeance". The Quicktime trailer at the official Gladiator website promises a tougher, pacier and bloodier version of the classic sword-and-sandals epic movie - Quo Vadis with cutting-edge SFX. And these first impressions are not wrong; Gladiator does indeed employ many of the conventions of the Hollywood epic genre. The plot revolves around a decadent, scheming villain (Commodus, played by Joaquin Phoenix) and a rugged, defiant hero (Maximus, played by Russell Crowe). The cinematography is spectacular, there is a cast of thousands (albeit mostly computer-generated), a vision of ancient Rome sliding into decline, tumultuous, shattering battle-scenes, political intrigue, an array of debaucheries ranging from patricide to incest, and the foregrounded savagery of the gladiatorial arena. Like other epics, Gladiator works through "a series of spectacular moments" that can be "traced back to the equestrian shows and circus spectacles which toured Europe and the United States at the turn of the nineteenth century" (Wyke, 1999: website). All the usual ingredients are present, only better constructed; CGI gives the film's reconstruction of ancient Rome visual depth and apparent authenticity; the chariot scenes in the Coliseum are a dazzling rupture of spinning wheels, blades and broken bodies that make the famous chariot race in Ben Hur (1959) seem pedestrian in comparison. Gladiator does everything that Hollywood epics are supposed to do, only Gladiator does it much better. But, for all that it draws upon the visual and thematic lexicon established by its generic precursors, the film's deployment of these conventions is skewed and unsettling. The mood is different; the familiar elements of epic c... Free Essays on Gladiator Free Essays on Gladiator The promotional tag-lines succinctly sketch the plotline and its major movements: "the general who became a slave, the slave who became a gladiator, the gladiator who defied an emperor", "a hero will rise" and "in this life or the next, I will have my vengeance". The Quicktime trailer at the official Gladiator website promises a tougher, pacier and bloodier version of the classic sword-and-sandals epic movie - Quo Vadis with cutting-edge SFX. And these first impressions are not wrong; Gladiator does indeed employ many of the conventions of the Hollywood epic genre. The plot revolves around a decadent, scheming villain (Commodus, played by Joaquin Phoenix) and a rugged, defiant hero (Maximus, played by Russell Crowe). The cinematography is spectacular, there is a cast of thousands (albeit mostly computer-generated), a vision of ancient Rome sliding into decline, tumultuous, shattering battle-scenes, political intrigue, an array of debaucheries ranging from patricide to incest, and the foregrounded savagery of the gladiatorial arena. Like other epics, Gladiator works through "a series of spectacular moments" that can be "traced back to the equestrian shows and circus spectacles which toured Europe and the United States at the turn of the nineteenth century" (Wyke, 1999: website). All the usual ingredients are present, only better constructed; CGI gives the film's reconstruction of ancient Rome visual depth and apparent authenticity; the chariot scenes in the Coliseum are a dazzling rupture of spinning wheels, blades and broken bodies that make the famous chariot race in Ben Hur (1959) seem pedestrian in comparison. Gladiator does everything that Hollywood epics are supposed to do, only Gladiator does it much better. But, for all that it draws upon the visual and thematic lexicon established by its generic precursors, the film's deployment of these conventions is skewed and unsettling. The mood is different; the familiar elements of epic c...

International business Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

International business - Literature review Example These capabilities have changed the potentials open to the multinational firm in the strategic management of its businesses. This review of literature explores the implications of international business strategy within the context of Nokia Corporation, a multinational corporation which has seen phenomenal growth but an almost rapid decline in the last decade. Its business is situated in the digital mobile telecommunications industry, which is characterized by rapid technological innovation and intense international competition. Inquiry into the interplay of environmental changes and the corresponding positioning of the multinational corporation against its competitors may yield new insights into the strategic management of international businesses not encountered in localized businesses. 2. International Business Strategy To better understand the implications of the published reports and literature on Nokia’s global strategy and its local strategy in China, a brief survey of t he existing theoretical discussion on international business strategy is warranted. ... The word international which encompasses these concepts pertains to activities that cross the borders between nation-states; nation-states here is a combination of nation qualified by its country-level economic and sociocultural variables, and state which refers to the political attributes such as national sovereignty and national laws (p. 55). Given this starting point, international management is taken to mean â€Å"the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling the organization, which individuals (managers) use to achieve an organization’s goals, when the organization is involved in cross-border activities or functions outside its nation-state† (Eden, et al., 2011, p. 56). Likewise, international business may be defined as â€Å"business that crosses national borders, that is, it includes the comparative study of business as an organizational form in different countries, cross-border activities of businesses, and interactions of business with the int ernational environment† (Eden, et al., 2011, p. 58). International business may be differentiated from international management in the sense that international business refers to organizations pursuing a specified goal through a cross-border undertaking for profit, while international management is the process of stewardship over an organization involved in cross-border activities, whether for profit or not, for as long as the goals are met. Finally, international strategy is the field of management that deals with â€Å"the major intended and emergent initiatives, including cross-border initiatives, taken by general managers on behalf of owners, involving utilization of domestic and/or foreign resources to enhance the performance of firms in the international environment† (Nag, et al., 2007,

What Survives after death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What Survives after death - Essay Example Skeptics argue that consciousness is merely a fabrication of the brain, and near-death experiences (NDEs) are fantasies created by the brain. Believers, in contrast, insist that there is survival after death. Many researchers have explained this idea that survival after death exists in a non-physical state where our souls take over and continues as the human body and the brain are not the sole determinants of our existence that is, we have a conscience; nonetheless, others believe that once we die we cease to exist as there is nothing past the material realm. Apparently, for the Catholic Church, the notion of life after death is embedded within the innermost part of the core teaching of the Church. There is the belief that the deeds here on earth will largely determine fate in the afterlife. For instance, if the person had been faithful and was a good person in his lifetime, there is a greater chance that he will be adjudged worthy of entering heaven and be reunited with God. Neverth eless, this is only one of the countless interpretations and conjectures about what happens to a person when he dies. The Soul and the After Life A critical and almost universal element in the different perspectives of life after death is the existence of the soul. This is the bedrock of all beliefs that rationalize transcendence as opposed to complete and utter cessation of life. Simply put, the soul is considered part of the human essence. In Catholicism, the soul animates the material body and is key to understanding man’s capability for reasoning and morality. Aside from the fact that the soul is an indispensable component of human existence in Christian belief, it also underpins most themes of natural law, which holds that there is the existence of rational order in human nature that is independent of human will and is articulated as laws and moral imperatives. The soul, hence, is not just a figment of someone’s imagination or a myth perpetuated by religion. It is related to the concept of conscience, which sets human apart from all animals. Most people, even atheists, believe in the soul and the rational explanation for its existence (Theos 10). Therefore, regardless of what happens to it after death, there is the recognition that when the material body expires, the soul â€Å"lives on†. Finding Answers in Near Death Experiences There are also credible empirical evidences that can attest and confirm the existence of after life. Several case studies in Weiss works demonstrate some of these. Consider for instance, an account regarding multiple lives wherein the soul has lived in at least eighty-six physical states (Weiss, 1988, 28). There is also the all too familiar near death experience, which gave a glimpse of what must be the soul’s perspective. Weiss included one account in her work: â€Å"A conscious part of her would leave the body around the moment of death, floating above and 'then being drawn to a wonderful, energizin g light. She would then wait for someone to come and help her. The soul automatically passed on. Embalming, burial rituals, or any other procedure after death had nothing to do with it. It was automatic, no preparation necessary, like walking through a just-opened door†(24). Eben Alexander provided another case of near death experience. What made his account interesting was the fact that he was a neurosurgeon and he only believed on the tangible evidence and what science could explain. He suffered a rare illness, which left in coma for seven days (7). In this period he was considered brain dead and the experience qualified as a near death experience when he eventually woke up. In order to tell his tale, he studied and collected

Botticelli's spring and Michelangelo's creation of adam Essay

Botticelli's spring and Michelangelo's creation of adam - Essay Example Botticelli’s Primavera and the Birth of Venus are mythological paintings where storyline is seriously pursued with due respect to its mythological lineage. Goddess Venus is depicted as Virgin Mary in unique style. Michelangelo Buonarotti 1475-1564 was the most gifted painter of the Renaissance times, outshining other artists in fine art, sculptor, and architecture. The Creation of Adam – is central to his Sistine Chapel frescoes . Michelangelo’s faith in the outward beauty is reinforced through the Creation of Adam. This can be seen in his early poetry as well where he links beauty to divinity. The Creation of Adam is a wonder in art in the sense that he has made the touch of the Divine hand central to the picture and symbol of the power of the Creator. Michelangelo was responsible for transforming the history of culture. As Wolfff\lin in Classic Art, Trans. 1952 comments: â€Å"If any one man may be held responsible for major changes in the history of culture, that man was Michelangelo, who brought about the generalized heroic style and caused place and time to be disregarded’(Stokes, 1955: 106). The delineation of Sixteenth century dress and architecture was exaggerated not at the cost of characterization but to provide dignity in presentation, it was enlarged as ‘its flowers grew from the old soil, but they waxed bigger’(Stokes, 1955: 106). It was a period of resurgence of interest in the art and culture of Greece and Rome by European civilizations. It was a reaction to the rigidity of feudalism and Church of the medieval period where individual interests were subservient to society, ruled by feudal lords for material needs and Church for spiritual aspirations. The Renaissance started in the creation of city states like Venice, Florence, and Milan, self-sustaining and creating Franciscan humanism. Such states provided economic means to keep both ends meet to the

Collaboration between Disney and Nature Conservancy Essay Example for Free

Collaboration between Disney and Nature Conservancy Essay Disney is a famous international company around the world. Not only for the production of cartoon and Disneyland, but also the effort that it have made in sustainable development. Disney has made high efficiency collaboration with Nature Conservancy-a famous environmental protection organization. They have worked closely with each other for decades to create the Disney Wilderness Preserve (DWP) in central Florida (â€Å"Working with Companies†, n.d.). Their collaboration was a success (â€Å"Florida, the Disney Wilderness Preserve†, n.d.), bringing positive outcomes for both business corporation and environmental protection. The research question of our group is: How Disney achieve a highly efficient collaboration with the Nature Conservancy? Disney is willing to devote a large number of money to the protection of environment with other organization, but it is a challenge for both Disney and other organization to achieve their target and high efficiency collaboration. As pointed out by Getha-Taylor (2012), â€Å"Trust is a foundational element for effective collaboration.† Without trust, Disney would not choose to partner with the Nature Conservancy. They need to make a same goal in collaboration. Besides, equal power is an important consideration for Disney and Nature Conservancy to start their programs. The high quality of value co-creation is based on the high integration and organization of resources as well as active mobilization and passion of partners. In this report, literature review and conceptual Framework will be the first part. This part is designed to review the literature that related to the research question and topic. Besides, it will outline some key ideas and theories for the collaboration between Disney and other organizations. Each literature review of team members will be selected to make an integrated which are related to the research question and topic. Then the team will draw a connection between the literature review and data coding results, to develop a preliminary conceptual framework.   Secondly, the team will make enough description for the case on Disney. In this part, the partners and partnerships for Disney will be included.   Thirdly, the methodology that used in the research will be explained. The  team will provide primary data and secondary data for readers. Also, the team will analysis the data to make it clear for readers to understand the importance of those data. Then, the team will have preliminary results for the research question. Some figures or tables will be used to describe the preliminary results.  Finally, the team will make conclusions to summarize the collaboration between Disney and other organizations. Besides, the team will answer the question: How Disney achieve a highly efficient collaboration with the Nature Conservancy? The significance and implications of high efficiency collaboration between Disney and Nature Conservancy. The team will make acknowledgement on the limitation of the study-All achievements and actions of Disney are not very up-to-date, the newest resource comes from Disney’s performance summary report in 2013. The knowledge gap of this report are scientific system to cooperate efficiently between business and NGOs, global strategies in terms of cross-sector cooperation and multi-regional and global alliance. Conclusions The collaboration between Disney and Nature Conservancy is a model for other companies to improve the efficiency in collaboration with organizations and NGOs. They have same goals and trust each other. Besides, their power are equally and Disney provides enough financial support for Nature Conservancy to build and maintain the Disney Wilderness Preserve in Florida. Those factors make the collaboration between Disney and Nature Conservancy become a high-efficiency collaboration. Disney performed efficiently in collaboration with different organizations for its strong executive force and huge spending. However, Disney has challenge in cross-cultural collaboration with other organizations. It required creativeness and multicultural background to deal with. During our research, we found a limitation. All achievements and actions of Disney are not very up-to-date; the newest resource comes from Disney’s performance summary report in 2013. The limitation may affect the accuracy and objectivity of our result to some extent. When researching on these subthemes, one of our research gaps is multi-regional and global alliance. The wetland mitigation program in  central Florida is regional, but Disney is able to do more in terms of multi-regional collaboration since there are so many things else they can do. We didn’t find so many things when it comes to how business increase efficiency when partnering with an organization that shares a different culture background The use of quantitative data analysis and qualitative data analysis are quite helpful for us to find the gap and limitations of the topic, they are efficient methods for us to analyzing the data. Disney makes more collaboration with other organizations to improve to sustainable development of itself, such as the collaboration with National 4-H Council. They make a program called Exploring Your Environment program. It provides fun, interesting and hands-on experiences to help young people learn more about the environment around them. Through Disneys support, â€Å"they were able to create the Connecting Urban Youth to the environment program using Exploring Your Environment, and Disney is now able to reach youth in six urban areas across the U.S. Besides, Disney have supported conservation projects for almost 20 years, invested in conservation programs in 114 countries† (Momdjian, 2014) and worked with forest communities to protect wildlife and critical forest habitats. In the future, Disney needs to improve the capacity in communication. Communication is the basis of Disney’s alliance learning and capacity building if they want to corporate efficiently. Alliance enables cross-section corporations to increase working efficiency. Internal development of such expertise may be too costly, inefficient, and time-consuming for most companies. As a result, ally with a partner can let Disney share information or receive feedback from their partners. Reference â€Å"Florida, the Disney Wilderness Preserve†, (n.d.), Retrieved from http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/florida/placesweprotect/the-disney-wilderness-preserve.xml Getha-Taylor, H. (2012). Cross-sector understanding and trust, Public Performance Management Review, 36(2), pp.216-229 Momdjian, C. (2014). Disney and National 4-H Council Join Together to Connect Youth to the Environment. Retrieved from: https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/blog/disney-and-national-4-h-council-join-to